Acute respiratory infections

Acute respiratory infections are sudden-onset illnesses that impact the airways, ranging from mild colds to severe lower respiratory tract infections. Young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable to complications, which can include hypoxemia, pneumonia, or secondary bacterial infections. While viruses are the most common cause, including respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, and rhinoviruses, bacterial pathogens may also play a role in more severe cases. Environmental factors, seasonal trends, and pre-existing health conditions influence the likelihood and severity of infections.

Management of acute respiratory infections involves supportive care, targeted treatment, and preventive strategies. Maintaining hydration, controlling fever, and ensuring adequate rest are foundational measures. Supplemental oxygen may be needed for patients with low oxygen levels, while antibiotics are reserved for confirmed or strongly suspected bacterial infections to avoid resistance. Vaccination against influenza, pneumococcal disease, and other preventable pathogens reduces the incidence and severity of illness. Infection control measures such as hand hygiene, mask use in outbreaks, and isolation of affected individuals are important in limiting spread. Early recognition and timely intervention help prevent complications, while patient education on symptom monitoring, adherence to therapy, and when to seek medical attention enhances outcomes. Comprehensive management aims to relieve symptoms, shorten illness duration, prevent severe complications, and reduce the public health burden of acute respiratory infections.