Bronchiolitis in children

Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalization for infants and young children during the winter months, most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It primarily affects the small airways, leading to inflammation, mucus plugging, and airway obstruction. Infants present with cough, wheezing, tachypnea, and feeding difficulties, which can escalate rapidly into respiratory distress. Despite its prevalence, treatment for bronchiolitis in children remains largely supportive, focusing on oxygen supplementation, hydration, and close monitoring. Pharmacologic interventions such as bronchodilators or corticosteroids have shown limited benefit in most cases, though they may be considered for children with underlying conditions. Advances in virology and immunology are driving the development of targeted therapies and preventive strategies, including monoclonal antibodies like palivizumab for high-risk populations and emerging RSV vaccines. Preventive measures such as hand hygiene and reduced exposure to infected individuals remain crucial to limiting transmission. Research into long-term consequences suggests that early severe bronchiolitis may predispose children to recurrent wheezing and asthma later in life, highlighting the need for ongoing follow-up. Pediatricians, pulmonologists, and critical care teams collaborate to optimize acute care while ensuring long-term respiratory health. The growing focus on early detection, preventive immunotherapy, and family-centered care is shaping a more proactive approach to bronchiolitis in children.