Chest wall disorders

Abnormalities of the chest wall, whether involving the bones, muscles, or connective tissues, can have a profound impact on respiratory efficiency. Conditions such as scoliosis, kyphosis, pectus excavatum, and neuromuscular diseases alter the natural mechanics of breathing by restricting thoracic expansion and limiting airflow into the lungs. Over time, these restrictions may contribute to reduced lung volumes, impaired gas exchange, and recurrent respiratory infections. Individuals often report shortness of breath during activity, fatigue, chest discomfort, or poor exercise tolerance, while severe deformities may progress to chronic hypoxemia or even respiratory failure. Thorough evaluation generally includes physical assessment, advanced imaging to assess structural changes, and pulmonary function testing to quantify the degree of compromise.

Management of chest wall disorders requires a tailored, multidisciplinary approach that considers both the structural abnormality and its impact on lung health. Conservative interventions such as physiotherapy, posture correction exercises, and respiratory training can enhance thoracic mobility and delay progression in milder cases. Orthotic devices are sometimes prescribed to support alignment and improve lung expansion. When deformities are severe, surgical options including corrective osteotomies or chest wall reconstruction may be necessary to restore symmetry and optimize respiratory mechanics. In neuromuscular conditions, noninvasive ventilation and cough-assist devices help maintain airway clearance and prevent secondary infections. Nutritional counseling, rehabilitation programs, and long-term monitoring remain essential for sustaining independence and quality of life. By combining structural correction with respiratory support, management of chest wall disorders can effectively mitigate complications and promote better pulmonary outcomes.