Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immune-mediated interstitial lung disease triggered by repeated inhalation of organic antigens such as mold spores, bird proteins, or agricultural dust. The condition manifests in acute, subacute, or chronic forms, with symptoms ranging from fever, cough, and dyspnea to irreversible fibrosis if not promptly recognized. Accurate diagnosis remains a challenge because clinical features overlap with asthma, COPD, and other interstitial lung diseases. Advances in imaging, particularly high-resolution CT, combined with serological tests and bronchoalveolar lavage analysis, have improved diagnostic confidence. Avoidance of antigen exposure is central to therapy, yet identifying the causative agent often requires meticulous history taking and environmental assessment. Corticosteroids are commonly used to control inflammation in symptomatic cases, while emerging antifibrotic therapies are being studied for chronic, fibrotic subtypes. The management of hypersensitivity pneumonitis also relies heavily on patient education and lifestyle adjustments, such as workplace modifications or home environment changes, to prevent ongoing antigen exposure. Multidisciplinary collaboration between pulmonologists, allergists, and occupational medicine specialists is essential to optimize outcomes. Ongoing research into immune pathways, genetic predisposition, and the role of microbiota in disease modulation continues to expand understanding. By integrating early recognition, environmental control, and tailored therapy, the modern approach to hypersensitivity pneumonitis offers patients greater chances of preserving lung health and avoiding irreversible complications.