Pleural effusion

Pleural effusion refers to the abnormal buildup of fluid between the lung and chest wall, caused by conditions ranging from infections and heart failure to malignancy. Patients may present with chest heaviness, shortness of breath, or persistent cough, though small effusions may remain asymptomatic and discovered only on imaging. A diagnostic workup for pleural effusion includes chest radiography, ultrasound, and thoracentesis to evaluate the nature of the fluid and guide treatment. Identifying whether the fluid is transudative or exudative is crucial to uncovering underlying causes, which may include systemic disease, local infection, or tumor involvement.

Management strategies depend on both the underlying condition and the severity of symptoms. Therapeutic thoracentesis provides immediate relief from breathlessness, while indwelling pleural catheters or pleurodesis are options for recurrent cases. Treating the primary cause—whether with antibiotics for infection, diuretics for heart failure, or oncologic therapies for malignancy—remains central to long-term resolution. Advances in imaging and minimally invasive procedures are improving safety and precision in both diagnosis and management. Careful follow-up ensures monitoring for recurrence, progression, or complications. With timely intervention, pleural effusion can often be managed effectively, restoring comfort and supporting better respiratory function.