Radiation-related respiratory damage

Radiation-related respiratory damage arises as an important complication in patients undergoing thoracic radiotherapy for conditions such as lung cancer, breast cancer, or mediastinal tumors. The lungs are particularly vulnerable to radiation-induced injury, which may manifest as acute pneumonitis followed by chronic fibrosis, leading to impaired gas exchange and reduced lung compliance. Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic radiological changes to persistent cough, chest pain, and progressive shortness of breath. Individual susceptibility depends on radiation dose, treatment field, concurrent chemotherapy, and preexisting lung conditions.

Management of radiation-related respiratory damage requires vigilant monitoring and early intervention. Corticosteroids may be used to mitigate acute inflammation, while antifibrotic agents and pulmonary rehabilitation play supportive roles in chronic phases. Careful planning of radiation fields, dose reduction strategies, and use of advanced techniques such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy minimize damage. Long-term follow-up with pulmonary function tests and imaging ensures timely recognition of complications. Collaboration between oncologists, pulmonologists, and rehabilitation specialists is key to optimizing outcomes, allowing patients to benefit from effective cancer treatment while preserving respiratory health.